|
Medical Anatomy and Physiology |
|
Printable Version (pdf)
|
||
Course Description
Core Standards of the Course
Anatomy and Physiology/Diseases and Disorders
Standard 01
Students will describe the body plan and organization and homeostasis. 7% - 5 Questions
Objective 01.01
Contrast the science of anatomy with physiology.
Objective 01.02
Describe the six levels of structural organization of the human body. (chemical, cellular, tissue, organ, system, organism)
Objective 01.03
Describe metabolism and its anabolic and catabolic processes.
Objective 01.04
Apply directional terms used in human anatomy. (posterior/anterior, medial/lateral, proximal/distal, superficial/deep, superior/inferior)
Objective 01.05
Apply these commonly used planes to divide the body into portions. (sagittal, midsagittal, transverse [horizontal], frontal [coronal])
Objective 01.06
Identify the body cavities and locate the following organs within each cavity.
-
Dorsal Cavity
-
Ventral Cavity
-
Abdominal -Liver, Spleen, Intestines, Kidneys & Stomach
-
Pelvic - Intestines, Urinary Bladder & Sex Organs)
Objective 01.07
Identify the major organ in each abdominal quadrant. (RUQ - Right Upper Quadrant – Liver, RLQ - Right Lower Quadrant - Cecum & Appendix LUQ - Left Upper Quadrant - Spleen, Stomach & Left Kidney, LLQ - Left Lower Quadrant – Left Ovary)
Objective 01.08
Examine the relationship between homeostasis and stress.
Objective 01.09
Differentiate between negative and positive mechanisms.
Objective 01.10
Contrast extracellular and intracellular fluid in terms of location and composition.
Standard 02
Students will explain basic principles of body chemistry. 7% - 5 Questions
Objective 02.01
Review the following terms and concepts. (states of matter, basic components of the atom [nucleus, electrons, protons, and neutrons], ion, element)
Objective 02.02
Identify the four major elements in the body. (carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen)
Objective 02.03
Differentiate between a compound and a molecule.
Objective 02.04
Differentiate between a cation and an anion.
Objective 02.05
Describe the characteristics of ionic, covalent, and hydrogen bonds.
Objective 02.07
Categorize acidic, basic, or neutral solutions based on the pH of a solution.
Objective 02.08
Distinguish between “neutral” pH and the “average” pH range of the blood. (neutral pH = 7.0, average pH of blood = 7.35 to 7.45)
Objective 02.09
Describe the properties of water and how it is utilized in the human body. (universal solvent, transport, lubricant, heat capacity, chemical reactions)
Objective 02.10
Distinguish between inorganic and organic compounds. (Inorganic compounds do not usually contain carbon, are small molecules, and are usually ionic bonds. Organic compounds contain carbon, are large molecules, covalent bonding, and flammable.)
Objective 02.11
Describe the structures and functions of carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids.
Objective 02.12
Contrast the characteristics of saturated fats, monounsaturated fats, and polyunsaturated fats.
Objective 02.13
Describe how the body produces energy during cellular respiration. (ATP < - -> ADP + P + ENERGY conversion)
Standard 03
Students will describe basic concepts of structures and functions of cells, histology, and the integumentary system. 11% - 8 Questions
Objective 03.01
Identify the four principle parts of a generalized animal cell and their functions. (nucleus, cytosol, organelles & cell membrane)
Objective 03.02
Describe the structure and function of the cell membrane.
Objective 03.03
Describe selectively permeable membranes and factors which influence permeability.
Objective 03.04
Describe each of the following transport processes, and classify them as active or passive. (Passive processes – diffusion, osmosis, facilitated diffusion, dialysis, and filtration. Active processes phagocytosis and exocytosis).
Objective 03.05
Review the osmotic effects that occur when a cell is placed in an isotonic, hypotonic, or hypertonic solution.
Objective 03.06
Describe the function of the following structures within the cell nucleus. (nucleolus, gene, chromatin, chromosome)
Objective 03.07
Identify the major functions and characteristics of the following organelles or cell membrane modifications. (ribosomes, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi complex, mitochondria, lysosomes, peroxisomes, microfilaments, microtubules, centrioles, centrosomes, flagella, cilia, microvilli, vacuole)
Objective 03.08
Relate mitosis, meiosis, and cytokinesis to cell division.
Objective 03.09
Discuss the structure of DNA. (nucleotide, names of complementary bases & codon)
Objective 03.10
Describe the process of protein synthesis. (transcription, translation)
Objective 03.11
Identify the general characteristics and functions of each of the principle types of tissues. (Epithelial - strategies for tissue identification [arrangement & cell shape], Connective - adipose, cartilage, dense fibrous, blood & bone, Muscular - skeletal, smooth & cardiac, and Nervous)
Objective 03.12
Contrast exocrine and endocrine glands.
Objective 03.13
Differentiate between the basic types of membranes. (mucous, serous, synovial, cutaneous)
Objective 03.14
Describe the structures and functions of the integumentary system components. (skin, glands, hair, nails)
Objective 03.15
Describe the major layers of skin. (epidermis, dermis, subcutaneous [hypodermis])
Objective 03.16
Describe the functions of sudoriferous (sweat) and sebaceous (oil) glands.
Objective 03.17
Identify the following diseases or disorders of the integumentary system. (acne, athlete’s foot, burns, cancer, decubitus ulcers)
Standard 04
Students will describe the structures and functions of the skeletal system and its components. 9% - 6 Questions
Objective 04.01
Identify the general functions of the skeletal system.
Objective 04.02
Identify the roles of the osteoblasts, osteocytes, and osteoclasts in bone growth and ossification.
Objective 04.03
Describe the features of a long bone. (periosteum, diaphysis, epiphysis, metaphysis, medullary cavity, red marrow, yellow marrow, articular cartilage, endosteum)
Objective 04.04
Contrast the structural differences between compact and spongy bone.
Objective 04.05
Identify the four classes of bones with characteristics and examples of each. (long, short, flat & irregular)
Objective 04.06
Describe and locate the following bone markings. (foramen, meatus, sinus, fossa, condyle, tuberosity, trochanter, tubercle & process)
Objective 04.07
Describe the terms “suture” and “fontanel”.
Objective 04.08
Contrast the axial and appendicular skeletons.
Objective 04.09
Locate the following skull bones. (mandible, maxilla, zygomatic, frontal, parietal, occipital, sphenoid, ethmoid, hyoid, temporal, mastoid process of the temporal bone)
Objective 04.10
Contrast the general number, location and function of each of the five groups of vertebrae.
Objective 04.11
Describe the functional classifications of articulations & the associated types within diarthrotic articulations. (synarthrotic, amphiarthrotic and diarthrotic [gliding, hinge, pivot, ellipsodial, saddle & ball and socket)
Objective 04.12
Explain the structural classifications of articulations. (fibrous, synovial & cartilaginous)
Objective 04.13
Describe a ligament and its role in a synovial joint.
Objective 04.14
Discuss the influence of aging, exercise and lifestyle on bone remodeling.
Objective 04.15
Identify the following diseases or disorders of the skeletal system. (fractures, herniated disc, kyphosis, lordosis, osteoarthritis, osteoporosis, rickets, scoliosis, sprain, strain, spina bifida)
Standard 05
Students will describe the structures and functions of the muscular system and its components. 9% - 6 Questions
Objective 05.01
Identify the general functions of the muscular system.
Objective 05.02
Describe the four characteristics of muscle tissue. (elasticity, excitability [irritability]. extensibility, flexibility)
Objective 05.03
Contrast the general location, microscopic appearance, control, and functions of the three specific types of muscle tissue. (skeletal, smooth, cardiac)
Objective 05.04
Contrast thick and thin myofilaments.
Objective 05.05
Describe the sliding-filament theory of muscle contraction.
Objective 05.06
Describe the role of each of the following structures in muscle contraction. (motor neuron, neuromuscular junction, motor end plate, ACh (acetylcholine) receptors, acetylcholine, motor unit)
Objective 05.07
Define the terms “origin” and “insertion.”
Objective 05.08
Describe how levers function. (first class, second class, and third class levers)
Objective 05.09
Explain the role of prime movers (agonist), antagonists, synergists, and fixators.
Objective 05.10
Describe the locations and functions of the following skeletal muscles: (biceps brachii, triceps brachii, sternocleidomastoid, trapezius, deltoid, diaphragm, pectoralis major, latissimus dorsi, gastrocnemius, hamstrings, quadriceps, gluteus maximus)
Objective 05.11
Locate three commonly chosen sites for intramuscular injections. (deltoid, gluteus medius, vastus lateralis)
Objective 05.12
Identify the following diseases and disorders of the muscular system. (abnormal contractions, fibromyalgia, muscular dystrophy, myasthenia gravis, shin splints)
Standard 06
Students will describe the structures and functions of the nervous system and special senses. 11% - 8 Questions
Objective 06.01
Restate the three broad functions of the nervous system: (sensory, integration, motor)
Objective 06.02
Describe the general organization of the nervous system.
Objective 06.03
List the functions and structures of neurons and neuroglial cells: (astrocytes, microglia, oligodenrocytes, ependymal cells, Schwann cells, and satellite cells)
Objective 06.04
Sequence the major events when nerve impulse (action potential) is initiated and transmitted in a neuron.
Objective 06.05
Contrast white and gray matter of nervous tissue.
Objective 06.06
Identify the structures responsible for the maintenance and protection of the central nervous system. (meninges [dura mater, arachnoid mater and pia mater])
Objective 06.07
Explain the role of each of the components of a reflex arc. (reflex, reflex arc, receptor, sensory neuron, association [interneurons] neuron, motor neuron, effector)
Objective 06.08
Identify the origins and targets of the phrenic and sciatic nerves.
Objective 06.09
Identify the four principle parts of the brain. (cerebrum, cerebellum, brain stem, diencephalon)
Objective 06.10
Describe the production, location, and function of CSF. (ventricles, subarachnoid space and choroid plexus)
Objective 06.11
Describe the functions of the three structures found in the brain stem. (midbrain, pons & medulla oblongata)
Objective 06.12
Describe the structures and functions of the diencephalon. (thalamus & hypothalamus)
Objective 06.13
Describe the locations and functions of the four lobes of the cerebrum. (frontal, parietal, temporal and occipital)
Objective 06.14
Explain the major functions of the cerebellum.
Objective 06.15
Identify the following diseases, disorders, or procedures of the nervous system. (ALS, Alzheimer’s, bacterial meningitis, cephalgia, cerebral palsy, depression, epilepsy, headache, lumbar puncture, multiple sclerosis, Parkinson’s, polio, Reye’s syndrome)
Objective 06.16
Describe the principle anatomical structures of the eye. (accessory structures [eyelid, conjunctiva, lacrimal apparatus, and extrinsic muscles of the eyeball] (fibrous tunic [sclera and cornea], vascular tunic [choroid, ciliary body, iris, and lens], nervous tunic [retina])
Objective 06.17
Describe the principle anatomical structures of the ear. (outer ear [auricle and auditory canal], middle ear [tympanic cavity, tympanic membrane, auditory or Eustachian tube, and auditory ossicles - malleus, incus & stapes], inner ear [bony labyrinth, membranous labyrinth, semicircular canals, vestibule, cochlea, and Organ of Corti])
Objective 06.18
Identify the following diseases or disorders associated with special senses. (amytropia [presbyopia, myopia, hyperopia], cataracts, conjunctivitis, deafness [conductive and sensorineural], glaucoma, macular degeneration, middle ear infection, strabismus, tinnitus, vertigo)
Standard 07
Students will describe the structures and functions associated with the endocrine system. 6% - 4 Questions
Objective 07.01
Identify the general functions of the endocrine system.
Objective 07.02
Describe a “hormone” and how they function in the body.
Objective 07.03
Describe the locations, secretions, and functions of the major endocrine glands. (Pituitary gland [GH, TSH and ACTH], Thyroid gland [thyroxine], Adrenals [epinephrine, norepinephrine and cortisol], and Pancreas [glucagon and insulin])
Objective 07.04
Define the general adaptation syndrome, and compare homeostatic response and stress response.
Objective 07.05
Identify the following diseases or disorders of the endocrine system. (acromegaly, cretinism, Cushing’s Syndrome, diabetes mellitus, dwarfism, gigantism, goiter, Grave’s disease, hyperthyroidism [exophthalamus], myxedema)
Standard 08
Students will describe the components and functions associated with blood, and the structures and functions of the lymphatic and cardiovascular systems. 11% - 8 Questions
Objective 08.01
Identify the formed elements of the blood and their functions. (erythrocytes, leukocytes, thrombocytes)
Objective 08.02
Describe erythrocytes including the structure of hemoglobin.
Objective 08.03
Define “leukocyte” and list the two major groups with their cell types. (granulocytes – neutrophils, basophils, eosinophils, and agranulocytes – monocytes, lymphocytes)
Objective 08.04
Differentiate between plasma and serum.
Objective 08.05
Describe the process of hemostasis. (vascular spasm, platelet plug formation, coagulation)
Objective 08.06
Contrast a thrombus and an embolus.
Objective 08.07
Identify the antigens (agglutinogens) found on the erythrocytes and the antibodies (agglutinins) that compose the ABO blood types.
Objective 08.08
Compare the Rh factor to the ABO blood types.
Objective 08.09
Identify the following diseases or disorders associated with the blood. (anemias, hemolytic disease of the newborn, hemophilia, leukemia, mononucleosis, polycythemia)
Objective 08.10
Identify the components of the lymphatic system. (tonsils, spleen, thymus, lymph nodes, bone marrow, lymph vessels)
Objective 08.11
Describe how lymph is moved throughout the body.
Objective 08.12
Contrast antigens and antibodies.
Objective 08.13
Describe the general roles of the different types of T cells in cellular immunity. (helper T-cell, cytotoxic T-cell, suppressor T-cell, memory T-cell)
Objective 08.14
Describe the role of the B cells in humoral immunity. (plasma cell, memory B-cell)
Objective 08.15
Distinguish between active and passive immunity, and natural vs. artificial acquisition of immunity.
Objective 08.16
Identify the following diseases or disorders associated with the lymphatic system. (AIDS, allergies, autoimmune (lupus), measles, mumps, rubella, tetanus, tissue rejection)
Objective 08.17
List the general functions of the cardiovascular system.
Objective 08.18
Describe the layers of the heart. (epicardium, myocardium, endocardium)
Objective 08.19
Identify the chambers of the heart.
Objective 08.20
Locate the great blood vessels of the heart. (superior and inferior vena cava, pulmonary trunk, pulmonary arteries, pulmonary veins, aorta, branches of the aorta)
Objective 08.21
Identify the valves of the heart. (tricuspid, pulmonary semilunar, bicuspid (mitral), aortic semilunar)
Objective 08.22
Trace blood flow through the heart.
Objective 08.23
Identify the components of the conduction system of the heart and trace the pathway.
Objective 08.24
Sequence the principle events of the cardiac cycle in terms of systole and diastole.
Objective 08.25
Define stroke volume, heart rate, and cardiac output.
Objective 08.26
Identify factors that determine cardiac output.
Objective 08.27
Contrast the structures and functions of arteries, capillaries, and veins.
Objective 08.28
Define pulse and identify the general location of arteries where pulse may be felt.
Objective 08.29
Describe blood pressure and how to measure it.
Objective 08.30
Contrast pulmonary and systemic circulation routes.
Objective 08.31
Explain the general risk factors associated with cardiovascular disease.
Objective 08.32
Identify the following diseases or disorders of the cardiovascular system. (aneurysm, angina pectoris, arrhythmias, atherosclerosis, CAD, CVA/Stroke, hyperlipidemia, hypertension, myocardial infarction, shock [types])
Standard 09
Students will describe the structures and functions associated with the respiratory system. 7% - 5 Questions
Objective 09.01
Identify the general functions of the respiratory system.
Objective 09.02
Sequence the organs of the respiratory system in the order in which air will pass through them from the exterior.
Objective 09.03
Identify the three regions of the pharynx. (nasopharynx, oropharynx and laryngopharynx)
Objective 09.04
Identify the following anatomical features of the larynx. (epiglottis, glottis, hyoid bone, thyroid cartilage, cricoid cartilage, true and false vocal cords)
Objective 09.05
Identify the coverings of the lungs and the gross anatomical features of the lungs. (apex, base, lobes, horizontal fissures, visceral pleura, parietal pleura, pleural cavity)
Objective 09.06
Identify the site at which gas exchange occurs in the lungs.
Objective 09.07
Identify the volumes and capacities of air exchanged during ventilation. (tidal volume, inspiratory reserve, expiratory reserve, residual volume, vital capacity)
Objective 09.08
Differentiate between ventilation, external respiration, and internal respiration.
Objective 09.09
Describe the effects of carbon dioxide on ventilation.
Objective 09.10
Identify the following diseases or disorders of the respiratory system. (asthma [bronchial], bronchiogenic carcinoma, coryza, cystic fibrosis, emphysema, influenza, pleurisy, pneumonia, respiratory distress syndrome, rhinitis, SIDS, tuberculosis)
Standard 10
Students will describe the structures and functions associated with the digestive system. 7% - 5 Questions
Objective 10.01
Identify the general functions of the digestive system.
Objective 10.02
Contrast chemical and mechanical digestion.
Objective 10.03
Differentiate between alimentary canal structures and the accessory structures of digestive system.
Objective 10.04
Identify the location of the salivary glands.
Objective 10.05
Define the functions of saliva and of salivary amylase in digestion.
Objective 10.06
Identify the following parts of a typical tooth. (crown, neck, root, gingiva, periodontal ligament, enamel, dentin, pulp and root canal)
Objective 10.07
Define deglutition, mastication, maceration, segmentation, and haustral churning.
Objective 10.08
Identify the anatomical features of the esophagus and stomach.
Objective 10.09
Identify the four basic components of gastric juice. (pepsin, hydrochloric acid, intrinsic factor and mucus)
Objective 10.10
Identify the location and digestive functioning of the pancreas.
Objective 10.11
Describe the function of bile and the role of the gallbladder in digestion.
Objective 10.12
Identify the three sections of the small intestine. (duodenum, jejunum, ileum)
Objective 10.13
Identify two major mechanical movements of the small intestine. (segmentation, peristalsis)
Objective 10.14
Identify the structures and sections of the large intestine. (cecum, colon [ascending, transverse, descending, sigmoid, taeniae, haustra], rectum, anal canal)
Objective 10.15
Identify the following diseases or disorders of the digestive system. (anorexia nervosa, appendicitis, bulimia, cirrhosis, colorectal cancer, dental caries, gallstones, hepatitis, hernia, obesity, ulcers)
Standard 11
Students will describe the structures and functions associated with the urinary system. 6% - 4 Questions
Objective 11.01
State the general functions of the urinary system.
Objective 11.02
Identify the four major organs of the urinary system. (kidneys, ureters, bladder, urethra)
Objective 11.03
Identify the gross anatomy of the kidney. (renal cortex, renal medulla, renal pyramids, renal pelvis)
Objective 11.04
Identify the microscopic structure of the nephron: (renal capsule, glomerulus, glomerular [Bowman’s] capsule, afferent arteriole, efferent arteriole), renal tubule (proximal convoluted tubule, descending limb, nephron loop, ascending limb, distal convoluted tubule & collecting duct) and peritubular capillaries.
Objective 11.05
Describe the three basic physiological processes and the structures involved in urine formation. (filtration, reabsorption, secretion)
Objective 11.06
Identify the physical characteristics and normal chemical constituents of urine.
Objective 11.07
Describe the methods of fluid intake and output, including micturition, voiding, sweat, feces, & exhaled vapor.
Objective 11.08
Identify the following diseases or disorders associated with the urinary system. (cystitis, diabetes insipidus, glomerulonephritis [Bright’s disease], incontinence, kidney stones, nephrotic syndrome (nephritis), renal failure, renal ptosis, urinary tract infections)
Standard 12
Students will describe the structures and functions associated with the reproductive system. 9% - 6 Questions
Objective 12.01
Identify the general functions of the reproductive system.
Objective 12.02
Describe the anatomy of the male genitalia.
Objective 12.03
Identify the function of the testes.
Objective 12.04
Identify the functions of testosterone in the male.
Objective 12.05
Describe the anatomy of the female reproductive structures.
Objective 12.06
Identify the functions of the ovaries.
Objective 12.07
Identify the structure and function of the uterine (Fallopian) tubes, including fimbriae and infundibulum.
Objective 12.08
Describe the structure and function of the uterus (perimetrium, myometrium, endometrium, fundus, cervix)
Objective 12.09
Define the menstrual cycle including the ovarian and uterine cycles.
Objective 12.10
Describe the physiological effects of estrogens, progesterone and relaxin.
Objective 12.11
Contrast the general outcomes of mitosis vs. meiosis.
Objective 12.12
Contrast the general outcomes of spermatogenesis vs. oogenesis.
Objective 12.13
Define the following sequence of events that occur during human development. (fertilization, zygote, cleavage, morula, blastocyst, implantation, embryonic period, fetus)
Objective 12.14
Identify the principal events associated with the three stages of labor. (Stage 1 - dilation and effacement, Stage 2 - delivery and birth, Stage 3 - placental expulsion)
Objective 12.15
Define inheritance.
Objective 12.16
Describe the inheritance of gender.
Objective 12.17
Identify the following diseases or disorders of the reproductive system. (amenorrhea, cancers [breast, testicular, cervical, ovarian, prostate], cryptorchidism, endometriosis, infertility, impotence, PMS, Sexually Transmitted Infections – STI’s [gonorrhea, syphilis, genital herpes, chlamydia, trichimoniasis, genital warts, PID], Toxic Shock Syndrome, yeast infection)
Medical Terminology & Abbreviations
Standard 01
Students will define medical terms. 74% - 52 Questions
Objective 01.01
Recognize word construction and dissection.
Objective 01.02
Memorize and apply MAP identified medical terms.
Standard 02
Students will interpret medical abbreviations. 14% - 10 Questions
Objective 02.01
Interpret MAP identified medical abbreviations.
Objective 02.02
Interpret MAP identified medical symbols.
Standard 03
Students will define anatomical terms. 6% - 4 Questions
Objective 03.01
Recognize MAP identified anatomical terms.
Objective 03.02
Apply MAP identified anatomical terms.
Standard 04
Students will define terms associated with movement. 6% - 4 Questions
Objective 04.01
Describe MAP identified terms associated with movement.
Objective 04.02
Apply MAP identified terms associated with movement.
Performance Skills
Standard 01
Students will explore careers in health care.
Objective 01.01
Students attend a minimum of three clinical experiences. (a variety of careers related to therapeutics, diagnostics, information systems and/or environmental services should be explored)
Objective 01.02
Students give an oral and/or written report for each clinical experience. (utilize the report outline located in the MAP curriculum)
Standard 02
Students will examine medical ethics.
Objective 02.01
Students selected a topic and defend their position on a current medical ethical dilemma.
Objective 02.02
Minimum of two class periods specific to medical ethics should be conducted.
Objective 02.03
Ensure that students are exposed to ethical issues during career exploration experiences.
Standard 03
Students will demonstrate first aid.
Objective 03.01
Students perform basic first aid.
Objective 03.02
Student must possess a current CPR certification.
These materials have been produced by and for the teachers of the State of Utah. Copies of these materials may be freely reproduced for teacher and classroom use. When distributing these materials, credit should be given to Utah State Office of Education. These materials may not be published, in whole or part, or in any other format, without the written permission of the Utah State Office of Education, 250 East 500 South, PO Box 144200, Salt Lake City, Utah 84114-4200.
For more information about this core curriculum, contact the USOE Specialist, Tara Bell or visit the CTE/Health Science Education Home Page. For general questions about Utah's Core Curriculum, contact the USOE Curriculum Director, MARY SHUMWAY . UEN Contact Info: 801-581-2999 | 800-866-5852 | Contact Us