Medical Anatomy & Physiology, Advanced
Course Introduction
Core Standards of the Course
Strand 1
Body Plan and Organization-Students will explore and describe the body plan, organization, and homeostasis.
Standard 1
Contrast the sciences of anatomy and physiology.
Standard 2
Describe the six levels of structural organization of the human body and their interrelationship.
Standard 3
Define anatomical position and identify commonly used planes in gross anatomy and/or imaging.
Standard 4
Apply directional terms used in human anatomy.
Standard 5
Apply regional terms used in human anatomy.
Standard 6
Identify the body cavities and locate the following organs within each cavity.
Standard 7
Identify the four abdominopelvic quadrants and the nine abdominopelvic regions and locate the major organ(s) in each.
Standard 8
Define and describe the mechanism of homeostasis.
Standard 9
Compare and contrast negative and positive feedback mechanisms to maintain homeostasis. Give examples of each.
Strand 2
Basic Principles of Body Chemistry-Students will explain basic principles of inorganic chemistry.
Standard 1
Review the following terms and concepts.
Standard 2
Identify the major, lesser, and trace elements in the body and their chemical symbols.
Standard 3
Differentiate between atomic number, mass number, and atomic mass using the periodic table.
Standard 4
Define isotope and distinguish between stable isotopes and radioisotopes.
Standard 5
Define valence and electronegativity, and describe how they relate to the position of an element on the periodic table.
Standard 6
Describe the characteristics and strength of different chemical bonds.
Standard 7
Describe the properties of water and how it is utilized in the human body.
Standard 8
Define acid, and base, and describe the pH scale.
Standard 9
Define a pH buffer and describe the carbonic acid/bicarbonate buffer system.
Strand 3
Basic Principles of Body Chemistry-Students will explain basic principles of organic chemistry.
Standard 1
Distinguish between:
Standard 2
Compare and contrast how anabolic and catabolic processes play a role in monomers, dimers, and polymers.
Standard 3
Describe the naming, structure, and functions of carbohydrates and give an example of each:
Standard 4
Describe the naming, structures, and functions of proteins and give an example of each:
Standard 5
Describe the structures and functions of lipids and give an example of each:
Standard 6
Describe the structures and functions of nucleic acids and give an example of each:
Standard 7
Describe the structure and function of phospholipids.
Standard 8
Describe the structure and function glycolipids and glycoproteins as cell surface markers.
Strand 4
Cells-Students will describe basic structures and functions of cells.
Standard 1
Identify the principle parts of a generalized animal cell and their functions.
Standard 2
Describe a selectively permeable membrane and factors which influence permeability.
Standard 3
Contrast intracellular and extracellular fluid in terms of location and composition.
Standard 4
Describe each of the following cellular transport processes and classify them as active or passive.
Standard 5
Compare and contrast the osmotic effects that occur when a cell is placed in the following solutions:
Standard 6
Describe how and where the body produces energy during cellular respiration.
Standard 7
Sequence the steps of the cell cycle. Compare and contrast mitosis and meiosis.
Standard 8
Describe the process of transcription and translation in relationship to protein synthesis.
Standard 9
Describe the process of DNA replication
Strand 5
Tissues-Students will describe basic structures and functions of Tissues.
Standard 1
Identify and describe the general characteristics and functions of each of the four principle types of tissues.
Standard 2
Describe the naming, structural features, and locations of epithelial tissue.
Standard 3
Describe the structural features, types, and locations of connective tissue.
Standard 4
Describe the five main types of cellular junctions.
Standard 5
Compare and contrast epithelial and connective tissue membranes.
Standard 6
Compare and contrast skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscle tissue.
Standard 7
Describe the identify the key features of nervous tissue.
Standard 1
Describe the general structures and functions of the integumentary system.
Standard 2
Identify and describe the tissue type making up the epidermis. Identify and describe layers of the epidermis. Differentiate between thick and thin skin. Describe renewal of the epidermis.
Standard 3
Explain how each cell type (stem cells, keratinocytes, melanocytes, Langerhans cells, Merkel cells and discs) and substances (keratin, extracellular lipids) contribute to the function of the epidermis.
Standard 4
Identify and describe the dermis and its layers. Know the tissue types that make up each layer.
Standard 5
Identify and describe the hypodermis/subcutaneous layer. Know the tissue types that make up the hypodermis.
Standard 6
Identify exocrine glands of the integumentary system and describe their function.
Standard 7
Identify nerve endings of the integumentary system and describe their functions.
Standard 8
Describe the structures and functions of accessory structures of the integumentary system.
Standard 9
Explain the role of skin in the maintenance of body temperature (thermoregulation).
Standard 1
Describe the general functions of the skeletal system.
Standard 2
List the cellular components of bone tissue. List the extracellular components of bone tissue.
Standard 3
Compare and contrast compact and spongy bone.
Standard 4
Describe the roles and location of dense regular, dense irregular, and cartilage in the skeletal system.
Standard 5
Identify the features of a long bone.
Standard 6
Compare and contrast endochondral and intramembranous ossification.
Standard 7
Explain how hormones are involved in bone growth and maintenance. Explain the roles of calcitonin, parathyroid hormone and calcitriol in bone remodeling and blood calcium regulation.
Standard 8
Define and locate bone markings including:
Standard 9
Locate the following bones of the axial and appendicular skeletons.
Standard 10
Compare and contrast functional and anatomical (structural) classification of joints.
Standard 11
Describe the different movements of a joint.
Standard 1
Describe the general functions of the muscular system.
Standard 2
Contrast the general location, microscopic appearance, control, and functions of the three specific types of muscle tissue.
Standard 3
Describe muscle organization and structure.
Standard 4
Describe the structures of the sarcomere.
Standard 5
Label the components of the neuromuscular junction on a diagram and explain the role in triggering a muscle contraction.
Standard 6
Describe the sliding filament model of muscle contraction.
Standard 7
List the sequence of events from muscle cell action potential to the contraction of muscle.
Standard 8
Explain the role of other molecules like creatine and myoglobin in energy metabolism.
Standard 9
Define and describe the terms origin, insertion, action, prime mover, agonist, antagonist, synergist, and fixator.
Standard 10
Define and compare the types of muscle contraction: concentric, eccentric, and isometric.
Standard 11
Relate the different terms used to name muscles:
Standard 12
Identify the following muscles including their location, origin/insertion, and action.
Strand 9
Nervous System I-Nervous System
Standard 1
Distinguish between sensory and motor (somatic and autonomic) divisions of the nervous system and the terminology associated
Standard 2
Compare and contrast characteristics of the two cell types of the nervous system: neurons and glial cells.
Standard 3
Compare and contrast concentration and electrical forces. Apply these principles to the movement of ions across the cell membrane.
Standard 4
List and describe the sequence of events in the action potential. Label a diagram of the action potential including: threshold, depolarization, repolarization, hyperpolarization, and absolute and relative refractory periods.
Standard 5
List and describe in order the sequence of events at the synapse. Begin with the arrival of the action potential and end with the effect of neurotransmission on the postsynaptic cell (postsynaptic potential and/or biochemical change).
Standard 6
List and describe the following neurotransmitters:
Standard 7
Compare and contrast the action potential with graded potentials (EPSPs and IPSPs).
Standard 8
Describe the gross anatomy of the spinal cord and spinal nerves. Differentiate between gray and white matter. Understand the relationship of the spinal cord and spinal nerves to the bony vertebrae surrounding them. Label on a diagram the structures associated with the spinal cord including lateral corticospinal tract, posterior column, spinothalamic tract, dorsal root ganglia, dorsal and ventral roots, and spinal nerves.
Standard 9
Identify and describe the structures and functions of the brain.
Standard 10
Describe the anatomy and physiology of the sympathetic nervous system. In the description of the anatomy, include the location of preganglionic and postganglionic neurons and synapses. In the description of the physiology, include the activity of various organs innervated by the autonomic nervous system.
Standard 11
Describe the anatomy and physiology of the parasympathetic nervous system. In the description of the anatomy, include the location of preganglionic and postganglionic neurons and synapses. In the description of the physiology, include the activity of various organs innervated by the autonomic nervous system.
Standard 12
Identify the effectors of the autonomic nervous system. Identify the effectors of the somatic nervous system. Compare and contrast these.
Standard 13
Identify the three meninges. For each meninx, be able to describe its anatomical relationship to the skull, to the brain, and to the other meninges.
Standard 14
Describe cerebrospinal fluid. Identify locations where it is made; where it circulates; and where it is resorbed into the bloodstream.
Standard 15
Describe the structure and function of the blood-brain barrier.
Standard 16
List the twelve cranial nerves. Be able to correctly associate their names and numbers. State a function for each, and whether it is sensory, motor, or mixed.
Standard 17
Define upper motor neuron. Define lower motor neuron. Compare and contrast these. Describe the motor systems and pathways.
Standard 18
Identify the general features of a sensory system. Define transduction. Describe the sensory pathways for pain and temperature vs touch.
Standard 19
Define each of the following three categories of sensory receptors: exteroceptor, interoceptor, proprioceptor.
Standard 20
For the following six sensory receptor types, list the relevant stimulus and state in which sensory system it might be found: mechanoreceptors, thermoreceptors, nociceptors, photoreceptors, chemoreceptors, and osmoreceptors.
Standard 21
State the concept of dermatomes and their importance to human disease. Be able to identify the skin surface features associated with the C6, T4, T10, and L2-L-5 dermatomes.
Strand 10
Nervous System II-Reflexes; Special Senses
Standard 1
Explain the role of each of the components of a reflex arc.
Standard 2
Describe examples of common reflexes
Standard 3
Label the components of the eye and describe the neural pathway to the brain.
Standard 4
Explain the location and function of olfactory receptors. Describe the neural pathway to the brain.
Standard 5
Explain the location and function of gustatory receptors. Describe the neural pathway to the brain.
Standard 6
Identify the principle anatomical structures of the ear.
Standard 7
Follow the sound conduction pathway from the auricle to the fluids of the inner ear. Describe the neural pathway to the brain.
Standard 8
Explain the coding of pitch and loudness in the auditory system.
Standard 9
For the vestibular system, compare and contract static vs. dynamic equilibrium. Describe the neural pathway to the brain.
Standard 1
Describe the functions of the endocrine system.
Standard 2
Describe and analyze the following endocrine terminology and concepts.
Standard 3
Describe the location, secretion, and functions of the hypothalamus.
Standard 4
Describe the location, secretion, and functions of the pituitary gland.
Standard 5
Describe the anatomical and physiological relationships between the pituitary (which includes the adenohypophysis and the neurohypophysis) and the hypothalamus.
Standard 6
Describe the location and structures of the thyroid gland. List the hormones produced and target cells. Detail the synthesis, secretion, and transport of thyroid hormones.
Standard 7
Describe the location, secretion, and functions of the parathyroid gland.
Standard 8
Describe the antagonistic relationship between calcitonin and parathyroid hormone in regulating blood calcium.
Standard 9
Describe the location and structures of the adrenal gland. List the hormones produced and target cells.
Standard 10
Describe the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) and its role in regulating blood pressure.
Standard 11
Describe the location and structures of the pancreas. List the hormones produced and their functions. Describe the antagonistic relationship between glucagon and insulin in regulating blood glucose.
Standard 12
Describe the location, secretion, and functions of the pineal gland.
Standard 13
Describe the location, secretion, and functions of the thymus gland.
Standard 14
Describe the location, secretion, and functions of the gonads.
Strand 12
Cardiovascular System I -Blood, Lymphatic System, & Immunity
Standard 1
Identify and describe the components of whole blood.
Standard 2
Describe hematopoiesis including erythropoiesis
Standard 3
Describe the structure and function of the red blood cells (RBCs).
Standard 4
Define leukocyte and identify the various types of white blood cells normally present in the blood.
Standard 5
Identify the production and functions of thrombocytes.
Standard 6
Define hemostasis and describe the three mechanisms that contribute to hemostasis. Describe fibrinolysis.
Standard 7
Describe the structures and functions of the lymphatic system. Explain how lymphatic is formed and how it circulates.
Standard 8
Define the following terms as they apply to immunity.
Standard 9
Describe innate immunity and give examples of common mechanisms.
Standard 10
Describe adaptive immunity and give examples of common mechanisms. Describe the roles of T-cells and B-cells in the immune response.
Standard 11
Distinguish between active and passive immunity and natural vs. artificial acquisition of immunity.
Standard 12
Describe the basic structure and functions of an antibody. Identify and describe the five classes of antibodies. Identify and describe the five classes of antibodies.
Standard 13
Contrast the primary and secondary immune responses.
Strand 13
Cardiovascular System
Standard 1
List the general functions of cardiovascular system.
Standard 2
Describe the general shape and location of the heart.
Standard 3
Describe the major structures of the heart.
Standard 4
Describe the pattern of blood flow in relation to the great vessels, valves, and chambers of the heart. State when each valve is open or closed during blood flow.
Standard 5
Identify and describe the condution system of the heart and trace the pathway
Standard 6
Given a diagram of an electrocardiogram, state the name of each waveform. Explain what is happening at each stage of the electrocardiogram.
Standard 7
Compare and contrast the action potential of an autorhythmic cell and a myocardial cell.
Standard 8
Describe the parasympathetic and sympathetic innervation of the heart.
Standard 9
Sequence the principle events of the cardiac cycle in terms of systole and diastole.
Standard 10
Define the following cardiac function measurements:
Standard 11
Describe the histology of arteries and veins. Compare and contrast the microscopic structure of arteries and veins.
Standard 12
Describe the histology and anatomy of capillaries. Name three types of capillaries, location, and distinguishing characteristics.
Standard 13
Explain the process of capillary exchange of nutrients, gases, and wastes. Describe Starlings Law of the Capillary.
Standard 14
Identify the major arteries of the human body. Define: anastomosis.
Standard 15
Identify the major veins of the human body.
Standard 16
Name the parts of the coronary circulation.
Standard 17
Contrast pulmonary and systemic circulation.
Standard 18
Compare and contrast fetal circulation to adult blood flow.
Standard 1
List the functions of the respiratory system.
Standard 2
List each of the structures through which air passes during inspiration. Differentiate them into upper and lower respiratory tracts and conducting and respiratory zones.
Standard 3
Identify the following structures associated with the larynx.
Standard 4
Identify the trachea and its anatomic features.
Standard 5
Identify the coverings of the lungs and the gross anatomical features of the lungs.
Standard 6
Describe the muscles of respiration and their innervation.
Standard 7
Describe the histology of the respiratory system.
Standard 8
Define pulmonary ventilation, inspiration, and expiration.
Standard 9
Define: Boyles Law. Explain the application of Boyles Law to inspiration and expiration.
Standard 10
State the four respiratory volumes and four respiratory capacities. Identify each of these on a spirogram.
Standard 11
State Henrys Law and Daltons Law. Explain how each is relevant to external and internal respiration.
Standard 12
State the ways oxygen and carbon dioxide are carried in the blood.
Standard 13
State the chemical equation which describes the relationship between carbon dioxide, bicarbonate ion, and carbonic acid in blood. Predict how raising and lowering pH or carbon dioxide concentration will affect respiration rate.
Standard 14
State the location and function of the respiratory control centers.
Standard 15
Summarize the embryonic development of the respiratory system. Explain the role of surfactant.
Standard 1
Describe the functions of the digestive system.
Standard 2
Identify the major and accessory structures of the digestive system.
Standard 3
Describe and be able to recognize the histology of the alimentary canal (gastrointestinal system). Identify and describe the function of the following layers: mucosa, submucosa, muscularis, serosa.
Standard 4
Describe the anatomy and functions of oral cavity structures.
Standard 5
Describe the anatomy and functions of the pharynx.
Standard 6
Describe the anatomy and functions of the esophagus.
Standard 7
Describe anatomy, histology and function of the stomach. Explain the function, production, and regulation of hydrochloric acid (HCl) secretion.
Standard 8
Describe anatomy, histology and function of the small intestine.
Standard 9
Describe anatomy, histology and function of the large intestine.
Standard 10
Describe anatomy, histology and function of the liver and gall bladder.
Standard 11
Describe the pathway of bile flow from the liver to the duodenum.
Standard 12
Describe anatomy, histology and function of the pancreas.
Standard 13
Compare and contrast mechanical and chemical digestion.
Standard 14
Define and understand the following motility functions:
Standard 1
Describe the general functions of the urinary system.
Standard 2
Identify the major structures and locations of the components of the urinary system
Standard 3
Describe the external and internal anatomy of the kidney.
Standard 4
Trace the path of blood flow through the kidneys. Explain what makes the vascular system of the kidneys unique compared to other organs.
Standard 5
Identify the structures that comprise the nephron. Differentiate between cortical and juxtamedullary nephrons. Identify 3 basic functions performed by the nephrons (glomerulus and renal tubules)
Standard 6
Describe the structures and pressures which contribute to the filtering of blood through the glomerular membrane. Compare and contrast the composition of blood and glomerular filtrate.
Standard 7
Identify and describe the three regulatory mechanisms to control the glomerular filtration rate (GFR).
Standard 8
Compare and contrast tubular reabsorption and secretion.
Standard 9
Explain the countercurrent multiplier. Describe how the countercurrent multiplier helps regulate blood osmolarity. Describe the countercurrent exchange mechanism and how it assists with water reabsorption.
Standard 10
Describe the anatomy of the ureters. Identify structures and mechanisms that assist with the flow of urine through the ureters. Compare and contrast male and female urethras.
Standard 11
Describe the anatomy of the bladder. Explain the micturition reflex.
Standard 12
Describe physical and chemical characteristics of urine.
Standard 13
Describe the fluid compartments of the body and state the relative volumes for the intra- and extracellular compartments. Relate changes in in intracellular and interstitial osmolarity to water movement. Compare the electrolyte and protein anion concentrations in intra- and extracellular compartments.
Standard 14
Characterize the role of buffers, ventilation, and renal function in maintaining acid-base homeostasis.
Standard 1
List the functions of the respiratory system.
Standard 2
Identify male & female reproductive system anatomy.
Standard 3
Characterize the process of spermatogenesis and the pathway from sperm production to release through ejaculation. Describe the role of accessory glands in the production of reproductive fluids (semen, pre-ejaculate).
Standard 4
Identify and describe the stages of the ovarian cycle including oogenesis and follicular development. Describe female gamete transport and the organs involve.
Standard 5
Identify and describe the phases of the uterine cycle including histology and blood supply.
Standard 6
Compare and contrast the uterine and ovarian cycles and relate the impact of hormone secretions to the timeline of both cycles.
Standard 7
Compare and contrast the process of meiosis and gametogenesis for male and female gametes. Define crossing- over.
Standard 8
Explain the process of conception, including coitus, sperm capacitation, slow block to polyspermy, and fertilization. Describe embryonic events from fertilization to gastrulation and the development of extra-embryonic membranes. Describe fetal events from gastrulation to organogenesis.
Standard 9
Describe the role of the following hormones in reproduction:
Standard 10
Describe the stages of labor and the hormones involved. Describe labor as an example of a positive feedback loop. Describe suckling as an example of a positive feedback loop and include the hormones involved.
Standard 11
Describe the role of the endocrine system and other factors in male and female puberty. Identify male and female primary and secondary sexual characteristics.
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