Standard 1
Identify Members of the Sports Medicine team.

1. Recognize the primary members of the sports medicine team to include: Coach, Athlete, Parents, Team Physician, Certified Athletic Trainer, and Allied Health professionals.
   
2. Understand that other careers provide support to the sports medicine team.
   
3. Compare and contrast the roles of each member of the sports medicine team.
   

Standard 2
Explore a variety of therapeutic careers and describe the job duties and skills, education required, job settings, and potential salary for each of the following:

1. Athletic Trainer (AT)
   
2. Physical Therapist (PT)
   
3. Physical Therapy Assistant (PTA)
   
4. Occupational Therapist (OT)
   
5. Occupational Therapy Assistant (OTA)
   
6. Exercise Physiologist
   
7. Orthopedic Surgeon
   
8. Physician
   
   • DO
   • MD
9. Physician Assistant (PA)
   
10. Nurse Practitioner (NP)
    
11. Biomechanist
    
12. Prosthetist
    
13. Orthotist
    
14. Podiatrist
    
15. Chiropractor (DC)
    
16. Sports Psychologist
    
17. Emergency Medicine
    
    • EMT
    • Paramedic
18. Certified Strength & Conditioning Specialist/Personal Trainer (CSCS)
    
19. Registered Dietician (RD)
    
20. Massage Therapist (LMT)
    

Standard 3
Explain legal issues and legal terminology.

1. Discuss risk management in an athletic setting.
   
   • Collision
   • Contact
   • Non-contact
   • Surfaces
2. Define legal terminology and discuss issues, including:
   
   • Assumption of risk
   • Battery
   • Failure to warn
   • HIPAA
   • Informed consent
   • Liability
   • Negligence: Duty of care, Breach of duty, Damage/injury occurred, Proximal cause
   • Malpractice
   • Commission
   • Omission
   • Standard of care
   • Statute of limitations
   • Good Samaritan law
3. Discuss parameters of ethical conduct and associated issues, including:
   
   • Americans with Disabilities Act
   • Cheating
   • Drug testing
   • Fair play and sportsmanship
   • Performance enhancing drugs
   • Scope of practice
   • Title IX (gender equity in sports)
   • Winning at all costs
4. Review preventative measures to reduce potential risks of litigation.
   
   • Medical History & Pre-participation Physical Examination (PPE)
   • Carry liability insurance
   • Continuing education
   • Appropriate documentation
   • Follow physician orders and recommendations
   • Have an emergency action plan (EAP)
   • Maintain adequate supervision
   • Maintain good rapport with the Sports Medicine Team

Standard 1
Identify the psychological implications of an injury to an athlete.

1. Describe the five psychological stages an athlete experiences following an injury.
   
   • Denial
   • Anger
   • Bargaining
   • Depression
   • Acceptance
2. Compare and contrast how some athletes may view pain.
   
   • Deny pain and loss of function.
   • Injury as a source of relief.

Standard 2
Identify effective psychological intervention skills.

1. Describe the importance of goal setting.
   
   • Performance goals
   • Outcome goals
   • SMART goals
2. Examine different relaxation techniques and how they can help performance.
   
   • Focused breathing
   • Progressive muscle relaxation
   • Visual Imagery

Standard 3
Identify potential problems associated with overtraining.

1. Compare and contrast staleness and burnout.
   
2. Identify interventions to prevent or treat staleness or burnout.
   
   • Remove from activity
   • Time off
   • Allow athlete to have more control
   • Decrease emotional and stressful demands
   • Avoid repetition
   • Sufficient attention to complaints and small injuries
   • Supportive and caring environment

Standard 4
Discuss different sources of anxiety that athletes may deal with.

1. Trauma induced
   
2. Stress related
   
3. Phobias that affect performance
   

Standard 5
Discuss depression in athletes.

1. Causes
   
2. Resources (sources for professional help)
   
3. Coping strategies
   

Standard 1
Discuss the inflammatory response and the healing process.

1. Compare and contrast Acute and Chronic injuries.
   
2. Discuss the purpose of inflammation.
   
3. Categorize the stages of acute injury healing and explain the processes involved in each.
   
   • Acute (Inflammation) Phase
   • Signs and symptoms of inflammation
   • Heat
   • Redness
   • Swelling
   • Pain
   • Loss of function
   • Time frame
   • Define vasodilation and explain why it occurs.
   • Define hypoxia and explain its role in secondary cell death.
   • Describe the R.I.C.E. method to treat acute injuries.
   • Subacute (Repair and Regeneration) Phase
   • Time frame
   • Explain the role of fibroblasts and collagen in scar tissue formation.
   • Remodeling (Maturation) Phase
   • Time frame
   • Define adhesions
   • Explain Wolff's Law

Standard 2
Explain an injury assessment (HIPS).

1. Identify the components included in obtaining an accurate history.
   
2. Identify the components of an inspection.
   
3. Describe the process of palpation.
   
4. Describe the purposes of special tests.
   
   • Range of Motion
   • Passive
   • Active
   • Resistive
   • Stress Tests (structural integrity)
   • Neurological
   • Functional
5. Discuss the decisions that can be made from a HIPS evaluation.
   

Standard 3
Compare and contrast injury classifications.

1. Describe first degree injuries.
   
2. Describe second degree injuries.
   
3. Describe third degree injuries.
   

Standard 4
Compare and contrast common fractures.

1. Compression
   
2. Depressed
   
3. Greenstick
   
4. Comminuted
   
5. Longitudinal
   
6. Spiral
   
7. Transverse
   

Standard 5
Vocabulary

1. Anatomical Planes
   
   • Sagittal Plane/Midsagittal
   • Frontal/Coronal
   • Transverse/Horizontal
2. Signs & Symptoms
   
   • Acute
   • Chronic
   • Constriction
   • Dilation
   • Ecchymosis
   • Edema
   • Effusion
   • Inflammation
   • Joint laxity

Performance Skills

1. Write a SOAP note
   
2. Explain a HIPS assessment.
   

Standard 1
Review the anatomy of the head and neck.

1. Bones
   
   • Frontal
   • Occipital
   • Parietal
   • Temporal
   • Mandible
   • Maxillae
   • Zygomatic
   • Nasal
   • Vertebrae
2. Muscles
   
   • Sternocleidomastoid
   • Trapezius
3. Structures
   
   • Brain
   • Intervertebral discs
4. Nerves
   
   • Cervical Plexus
   • Brachial Plexus

Standard 2
Head and neck injuries

1. Recognize common injuries to the head and neck to include.
   
   • Concussion
   • Second impact syndrome
   • Subdural hematoma
   • Epidural hematoma
   • Cervical spine fracture
   • Brachial plexus injuries
   • Nose bleeds
2. Identify the mechanism of each injury.
   
3. Identify the signs and symptoms of each injury.
   
4. Indicate appropriate treatment for each injury.
   
5. Describe injury prevention strategies.
   
   • Modification of equipment
   • Proper fit and selection
   • Use of defective or worn out equipment

Standard 3
Describe the basic principles and specialized equipment used in the prevention of athletic injuries.

1. Recognize types and functions of protective equipment.
   
   • Helmet, facemask, ear guards
   • Mouth guards
   • Neck collars
   • Padding
   • Sports bras
   • Compression shorts/cup
2. Discuss the legal ramifications of manufacturing, buying, and issuing equipment.
   
   • NOCSAE warning
   • Modification of equipment
   • Proper fit and selection
   • Use of defective or worn out equipment

Standard 4
Vocabulary

1. Amnesia
   
2. Articulation
   
3. Innervate
   
4. Mechanism of Injury (MOI)
   
5. Point tenderness
   
6. Range of Motion (ROM)-Active, Passive, Resistive
   
7. Referred Pain
   

Standard 1
Describe the basic components (kcal/gram, functions, energy vs. nutrients, healthy diet guidelines) of nutrition and the sources of the following nutrients.

1. Carbohydrates
   
2. Proteins
   
3. Fats
   
4. Vitamins
   
5. Minerals
   
6. Water
   

Standard 2
Examine the importance of fluid replacement and hydration.

1. Examine the importance of water and its role in the body.
   
2. Explain the correct process of hydration during athletic activity.
   
   • Identify the dangers of inappropriate hydration techniques; Hyponatremia, Timing.
   • Identify the dangers of dehydration.
3. Compare and contrast advantages and disadvantages of sports drinks.
   
   • Identify the role of sports drinks in hydration.
   • Discuss the importance of the correct chemical make-up of sports drinks.

Standard 3
Identify the components of a pre and post event meal and explain the value of each.

1. Identify the recommended nutrients included in pre and post event meals.
   
2. Identify foods that are easily digested.
   
3. Identify foods that should be avoided.
   
4. Identify when pre and post event meals should be eaten.
   
5. Discuss the concept of carbohydrate loading and discuss the benefits.
   

Standard 1
Describe basic body composition.

1. Define body composition.
   
2. Compare and contrast the most common methods for analyzing body composition.
   
   • Bod Pod
   • Skin-fold calipers
   • Bio-Impedance Analysis (BIA)
   • Hydrostatic weighing
   • Emerging technologies (ultrasound, etc.)
3. Describe the parameters of safe weight loss and weight gain.
   

Standard 2
Recognize common conditions and disorders associated with nutrition.

1. Explore the effects of generalized disordered eating.
   
2. Identify signs, symptoms, and effects of Anorexia Nervosa.
   
3. Identify signs, symptoms, and effects of Bulimia Nervosa.
   
4. Identify signs, symptoms, and effects of Muscle Dysmorphia.
   
5. Identify signs, symptoms, and effects of the Female Athlete Triad (three components).
   

Standard 1
Review the anatomy of the lower extremities.

1. Bones
   
   • Femur
   • Tibia
   • Fibula
   • Patella
   • Talus
   • Calcaneus
   • Metatarsals
   • Phalanges
2. Joints
   
   • Tibial Femoral
   • Patella Femoral
   • Talocrural
   • Subtalar
   • Midfoot
   • MP
   • PIP/DIP
3. Soft Tissues
   
   • Patellar Tendon
   • Anterior Cruciate Ligament (ACL)
   • Medial Collateral Ligament (MCL)
   • Posterior Cruciate Ligament (PCL)
   • Lateral Collateral Ligament (LCL)
   • Lateral and Medial Meniscus
   • Anterior Talofibular ligament (ATF)
   • Deltoid ligament
4. Muscles
   
   • Quadriceps
   • Hamstrings
   • Peroneal
   • Tibialis Anterior
   • Tibialis Posterior
   • Gastrocnemius
   • Soleus
   • Achilles Tendon

Standard 2
Lower extremity injuries

1. Recognize common injuries to the lower extremity to include.
   
   • Cruciate/Collateral Ligament sprains
   • Meniscal injury
   • Patella-femoral injuries
   • Ankle sprains
   • Plantar Fasciitis
   • Turf toe
   • Thigh contusions
   • Quadriceps/Hamstring strains
   • Medial Tibial Stress Syndrome (MTSS)
2. Identify the mechanism of each injury.
   
3. Identify the signs and symptoms of each injury.
   
4. Indicate appropriate treatment for each injury.
   
5. Describe injury prevention strategies.
   
   • Shin Guards
   • Shoes
   • Other sport specific protection devices

Standard 3
Demonstrate theory and principles of prophylactic taping.

1. Analyze the basic principles of prophylactic taping.
   
2. Identify the necessary supplies and their purpose for prophylactic taping.
   
   • Athletic tape (various sizes)
   • Prewrap
   • Heel and lace pad
   • Adhesive spray
   • Shark/Scissors
3. Analyze the basic principles of proper tape removal.
   
4. Explain the terminology associated with prophylactic taping procedures.
   
   • Anchor
   • Stirrup
   • Horseshoe
   • Spica
   • Heel-lock
   • Checkrein/Fan

Standard 4
Identify principles of protective bracing.

1. Discuss the differences between functional and prophylactic bracing.
   
2. Identify the function of joint sleeves (compression).
   

Standard 5
Vocabulary

1. General Terms
   
   • Atrophy
   • Bursa
   • Cartilage
   • Crepitus
   • Ligament
   • Tendon
   • Valgus/Varus
2. Anatomical Positions and Directions
   
   • Superior/Inferior
   • Anterior/Posterior
   • Medial/Lateral
   • Proximal/Distal
   • Superficial/Deep
   • Ventral/Dorsal
   • Prone/Supine
   • Unilateral/Bilateral/Contralateral
3. Movements of the Foot and Ankle
   
   • Inversion/Eversion
   • Dorsiflexion/Plantarflexion

Performance Skills

1. Competently tape an ankle using the standard prophylactic taping method.
   
2. Competently tape an arch using the standard prophylactic taping method. (Optional additional skill)
   

Standard 1
Define terms associated with performance enhancements.

1. Cardiovascular endurance
   
2. Muscular endurance
   
3. Power
   
4. Speed
   
5. Strength
   

Standard 2
Discuss general conditioning principles.

1. Adaptation
   
2. Overload
   
3. Specificity
   
4. Reversibility
   
5. Periodization
   

Standard 3
Examine the role the cardiovascular/respiratory systems have on fitness/athletic performance.

1. Identify and describe the structures and functions of the cardiovascular/respiratory systems and their interrelationship.
   
2. Heart
   
   • 4 chambers
   • 4 valves
   • 4 blood vessels
3. Lungs - Oxygen exchange from alveoli to capillaries
   
   • Identify vital signs related to the cardiovascular/respiratory system.
   • Describe and accurately measure blood pressure (systolic/diastolic).
   • Describe and accurately measure respiratory rate.
   • Describe and accurately measure pulse rate.
   • Describe lung volumes: Tidal Volume, Vital capacity.
   • Describe the importance of cardiac output, stroke volume, and heart rate during exercise.
4. Examine different types of tests used to quantify cardiovascular fitness.
   
   • VO2max
   • Harvard step test
   • 12-minute run test
5. Describe the effects exercise has on the cardiovascular/respiratory systems.
   
   • Immediate effects of exercise
   • Heart rate
   • Ventilation
   • Long term effects of exercise
   • Heart rate
   • Stroke volume
   • Cardiac output
6. Compare and contrast aerobic/anaerobic training.
   
7. Examine the importance of a warm up/cool down in a training program.
   
8. Examine different cardiovascular training methods.
   
   • Interval
   • Fartlek
   • Circuit
   • Continuous
9. Apply general conditioning principles to improve cardiovascular fitness.
   
   • Rate of perceived exertion (BORG scale)
   • Target heart rate

Standard 4
Examine the effects of the environment on training and performance.

1. Discuss the effects of high and low altitude.
   
2. Describe the effects of acclimatization.
   
3. Recognize the effects of travel on the body.
   

Standard 1
Examine the role strength training has on fitness/athletic performance.

1. Identify and describe the sliding filament model.
   
2. Sarcomere
   
   • Actin
   • Myosin
3. Compare and contrast the difference between slow twitch and fast twitch muscle fibers.
   
   • Slow twitch athletic activities
   • Fast twitch athletic activities
4. Compare and contrast different types of movements related to strength training.
   
   • Isometric/Isotonic/Isokinetic
   • Eccentric/Concentric
   • Closed chain/Open chain
   • Plyometrics
5. Identify methods of resistance training.
   
6. Apply general conditioning principles to improve strength.
   
   • Speed
   • Muscular endurance
   • Power
   • Periodization

Standard 2
Examine the importance of flexibility in fitness/athletic performance.

1. Explain the general guidelines of flexibility.
   
   • Define ROM and how it relates to fitness/athletic performance.
   • Identify the benefits of flexibility.
   • Decrease risk of injury.
   • Reduce muscle soreness.
   • Improve muscular balance and postural awareness.
   • Demonstrate proper timing of flexibility techniques.
   • Before activity
   • After activity
2. Identify the different methods to increase flexibility and the safety/effectiveness of each.
   
   • Static Stretching
   • Ballistic stretching
   • Dynamic stretching
   • Proprioceptive Neuromuscular Facilitation Stretching
   • Contract/Relax
   • Hold/Relax

Standard 3
Compare and contrast the physiological and psychological effects of ergogenic aids.

1. Define ergogenic aid.
   
2. Recognize the effects and possible dangers of common ergogenic aids.
   
   • Stimulants (including caffeine)
   • Narcotics
   • Anabolic steroids
   • Beta blockers
   • Diuretics
   • Human growth hormone
   • Blood doping products
   • Blood transfusions
   • Erythropoietin (EPO)
   • Anesthetics
   • Corticosteroids
   • Creatine
3. Discuss the dangers of energy drinks and their effects on the body.
   

Performance Skills
Demonstrate the proper techniques of static stretching for ALL major muscle groups.

Standard 1
Review the anatomy of the upper extremity.

1. Bones
   
   • Scapula
   • Clavicle
   • Humerus
   • Radius
   • Ulna
   • Carpals
   • Metacarpals
   • Phalanges
2. Joints
   
   • Shoulder
   • Sternoclavicular (SC)
   • Acromioclavicular (AC)
   • Glenohumeral
   • Scapulothoracic
   • Elbow
   • Wrist
   • Metacarpal-phalangeal
   • Interphalangeal
3. Soft tissues
   
   • Sub-acromial bursa
   • AC ligament
   • Glenoid labrum
4. Muscles
   
   • Deltoid
   • Pectoralis Major
   • Latissimus Dorsi
   • Rotator Cuff (Subscapularis, Infraspinatus, Supraspinatus, Teres minor (SITS))
   • Biceps brachii
   • Triceps brachii

Standard 2
Recognize common injuries to the upper extremity.

1. Upper extremity injuries
   
   • Clavicle fracture
   • Impingement syndrome
   • Rotator cuff injuries
   • Glenohumeral dislocation
   • AC joint separation
   • Epicondylitis: Lateral (Tennis elbow), Medial (Little Leaguer's elbow)
   • Interphalangeal dislocation
2. Identify the mechanism of each injury.
   
3. Identify the signs and symptoms of each injury.
   
4. Indicate the appropriate treatment for each injury.
   
5. Describe injury prevention strategies.
   

Standard 3
Vocabulary

1. Movements
   
   • Flexion/Extension/Hyperextension
   • Abduction/Adduction
   • Pronation/Supination
   • Protraction/Retraction
   • Elevation/Depression
   • Rotation: Internal, External
   • Circumduction
   • Lateral flexion
2. Movements of the Wrist & Thumb
   
   • Radial/Ulnar deviation
   • Opposition

Performance Skill

1. Competently tape a thumb using the standard prophylactic taping method.
   
2. Competently tape a wrist using the standard prophylactic taping method. (Optional additional skill)
   

Standard 1
Identify proper personal protective equipment (PPE)/body substance isolation (BSI) precautions.

Standard 2
Identify soft tissue injuries and skin conditions.

1. Differentiate signs, symptoms, and treatment for:
   
   • Avulsions
   • Abrasions
   • Bites
   • Blisters
   • Contusions
   • Lacerations
   • Stings
2. Differentiate signs, symptoms, and treatment for
   
   • Ring worm
   • Jock itch
   • Athlete's foot
   • Impetigo
   • MRSA
   • Warts
   • Eczema

Standard 3
Recognize abdominal injuries, bleeding, and shock.

1. Discuss external bleeding.
   
2. Demonstrate proper procedures to control bleeding.
   
   • Apply direct pressure with sterile gauze pad.
   • Apply a pressure dressing.
   • Check circulation.
3. Identify signs, symptoms, and treatment of internal bleeding.
   
4. Identify signs, symptoms, and treatment of abdominal injuries.
   
   • Ruptured spleen
   • Appendicitis
   • Hernia
5. Describe shock and the treatment for shock.
   

Standard 4
Discuss immobilization techniques.

1. Identify fracture signs and symptoms.
   
2. Explain the steps to immobilization.
   
   • Splint in the position found.
   • Immobilize the joint above and the joint below.
   • Check circulation distal to the injury.
3. Explain head/neck stabilization.
   
   • Maintain stabilization in the position found.
   • Monitor ABC's

Standard 5
Recognize and provide treatment for environmental conditions.

1. Compare and contrast the causes, signs, symptoms, and treatment of heat illnesses.
   
2. Heat cramps
   
3. Heat exhaustion
   
4. Heat stroke
   
5. Compare and contrast the causes, signs, symptoms, and treatment of cold exposure.
   
6. Hypothermia
   
7. Frostbite
   

Standard 6
Describe the treatment for medical conditions.

1. Seizures
   
2. Fainting
   
3. Diabetes
   
4. Anaphylactic shock
   
5. Asthma
   
6. Exertional sickling
   
7. Sudden cardiac arrest
   

Standard 7
Vocabulary

1. General Vocabulary Terms
   
   • Cyanosis
   • Diagnosis
   • Incision
   • Palpation
   • Prognosis
   • Reduction
   • Shock
2. Injuries
   
   • Bursitis
   • Dislocation
   • Subluxation
   • Fracture
   • Hematoma
   • Separation
   • Sprain
   • Strain

Performance Skill

1. Demonstrate crutch fitting to any size individual.
   
2. Stabilize head/neck in position found. (Optional additional skill)
   

Standard 1
Explore therapeutic modalities.

1. Identify the purpose of therapeutic modalities.
   
2. Explain how to properly select the use of therapeutic modalities.
   
3. Identify the Gate Control Theory as a principle of pain management and describe the physiological process of the theory.
   

Standard 2
Describe the physiological effects, indications, contraindications, and application of the following:

1. Cryotherapy
   
   • Ice Packs
   • Ice massage
   • Ice immersion
   • Cold whirlpool
   • Chemical coolant
   • Review the R.I.C.E. method
2. Thermotherapy
   
   • Heat packs
   • Ultrasound
   • Hot whirlpool
3. Electrotherapy
   
4. Manual Therapy
   
   • Massage
   • Cupping
   • Scraping techniques

Standard 3
Discuss the components and goals of a rehabilitation program.

1. Identify the general guidelines of a rehabilitation program.
   
   • Individualize each program
   • Be as aggressive as possible without causing harm
   • Use a variety of equipment
   • Common mistakes
   • Treat the cause not the symptoms
   • Not addressing the contra-lateral side
   • Postural defects, anatomical mal-alignment, and biomechanical imbalances
   • Appropriate goal setting.
   • Components of a rehabilitation program.
2. Phase I
   
   • Body conditioning/maintain cardiovascular fitness throughout all phases
   • Control swelling
   • Control pain
   • Increase range of motion
3. Phase II
   
   • Restore full range of motion
   • Strength, endurance, speed, power in all muscle groups
   • Begin skill patterns and proprioception
4. Phase III
   
   • Functional and sport specific skills
   • Restore balance and proprioception
   • Return to sport
   • Relate the different exercise principles to rehabilitation.
   • Specificity(SAID)
   • Overload

Standard 4
Vocabulary

1. Analgesic
   
2. Contraindicate
   
3. Cryotherapy
   
4. Hydrotherapy
   
5. Indicate
   
6. Modality
   
7. Thermotherapy
   
8. Vasoconstrictor
   
9. Vasodilator
   

Performance Skills

1. Prepare an ice bag/pack.
   
2. Apply a compression wrap to an ankle.
   
3. Apply a compression wrap to a knee.
   

Workplace Skills

1. Communication
   
2. Problem Solving
   
3. Teamwork
   
4. Critical Thinking
   
5. Dependability
   
6. Accountability
   
7. Legal Requirements/expectations