Advanced Accounting
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Course Introduction

 

Core Standards of the Course

Strand 1
Define and interpret Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP) and how they affect financial reporting.

Standard 1
Explain how the Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP) provide guidance and structure for preparing financial statements.

Standard 2
Describe the information provided in each financial statement (income statement, balance sheet, cash flow statement, statement of equity) and how the statements integrate with each other.

Standard 3
Identify business ownership structures (i.e., proprietorship, partnership, corporation).

Standard 4
Identify types of business (i.e., service, manufacturing, merchandising).

Standard 5
Explain the role of management and auditors in preparing and issuing an annual report.

Standard 6
Describe the relationship among assets, liabilities, and equity on a balance sheet.

Standard 7
Identify the classifications within assets (e.g., current, fixed), liabilities (e.g., current, long-term) and equity.

Standard 8
Identify the proper accounts used to prepare an income statement

Standard 9
Identify and explain what is involved in the three phases of the management cycle (i.e., planning, performing, evaluating) and how those relate to accounting functions.

Standard 10
Explain how internal control procedures are used to safeguard assets.

Standard 11
Identify the elements needed to complete a bank reconciliation (i.e,, cash balance, bank balance, outstanding checks, outstanding deposits, service charges).

Standard 12
Identify taxes associated with payroll, define employer- and/or employee-paid taxes, and calculate taxes appropriately.

Strand 2
Define the flow of the accounting cycle and complete the steps of the accounting cycle.

Standard 1
Describe how business transactions affect the accounting equation.

Standard 2
Describe how the double-entry accounting system is used to record business transactions in a journal, posting transactions to a ledger, and preparing a trial balance.

Standard 3
Explain the need for adjusting entries and how to journalize.

Standard 4
Explain the need for and describe how to prepare the financial statements

1. income statement
   
2. balance sheet
   
3. statement of equity
   
4. cash flow statement
   

Standard 5
Explain the purposes of the closing process and describe how to journalize and post closing entries and the purpose of a post-closing trial balance.

Performance Skills
Analyze day-to-day business transactions, adjusting entries, and closing entries; prepare income statement, balance sheet, statement of equity, and cash flow statement.

Strand 3
Identify and describe the operations and production costs of a business.

Standard 1
Identify product costs (e.g., direct/indirect materials, direct/indirect labor, manufacturing overhead); describe differences between product and non-product costs

1. Describe journal entries to record costs of direct materials, direct/indirect labor, and manufacturing overhead.
   

Standard 2
Identify variable costs, fixed costs, and mixed costs.

Standard 3
Describe how high-low analysis is used to determine amounts of variable, fixed, and mixed costs.

Standard 4
Define the calculation for the break-even point, and describe how it is used to perform cost-volume-profit (CVP) analysis and setting prices.

Standard 5
Explain the flow of costs through the manufacturing accounts used in process/product or job- order costing systems.

Standard 6
Explain how to compute a predetermined overhead rate, its use in job-order costing, and its use in determining over/under-applied manufacturing overhead.

Standard 7
Define a schedule of cost of goods manufactured, a schedule of cost of goods sold and describe how they relate to the income statement.

Performance Skills

1. Analyze business transactions to record costs of direct materials, direct/indirect labor, and manufacturing overhead
   
2. Use high-low analysis to determine the variable and fixed cost portion of a mixed cost.
   

Strand 4
Compare periodic and perpetual inventory systems; compare different inventory costing methods and how each method affects the cost of goods sold.

Standard 1
Describe the differences between the periodic and perpetual inventory systems, and record business transactions using both methods.

Standard 2
Describe how to calculate the cost of ending inventory using the LIFO, FIFO, and weighted average inventory costing methods and how each affects the cost of goods sold.

Standard 3
Define the calculation for inventory turnover ratio and its impact on business decision making.

Standard 4
Explain how inventory for a manufacturing business differs from inventory for a merchandising business.

Performance Skills

1. Analyze business transactions to record purchases of inventory using both periodic and perpetual inventory systems
   
2. Calculate ending inventory balance using LIFO, FIFO and weighted average methods.
   
3. Calculate inventory turnover ratio
   

Strand 5
Define the sales, revenue recognition, and collections processes.

Standard 1
Describe the GAAP of revenue recognition and how to record revenue-related transactions.

Standard 2
Describe transactions involving accounts receivable, uncollectible accounts, write-offs and recoveries and explain their impact on the income statement.

Standard 3
Describe the difference between the gross price method and the net price method, and how to journalize transactions using both methods.

Standard 4
Explain how to calculate the book value of accounts receivable reported on the balance sheet.

Standard 5
Define the calculation for the accounts receivable turnover ratio and its impact on business decision making.

Performance Skills

1. Analyze business transactions to recognize revenue using gross price method and net price method
   
2. Calculate accounts receivable turnover ratio
   

Strand 6
Define the accounting methods for purchases of fixed assets, depreciation and disposal.

Standard 1
Describe how to identify a fixed asset and the useful life.

Standard 2
Describe how to calculate the total cost of an asset purchase (e.g., sales tax, delivery charges, and installation charges) and how to journalize the purchase.

Standard 3
Define the calculations for depreciation using different methods (e.g., declining balance, sum-of-the-years digits, and straight-line); describe how to record the adjusting journal entries for depreciation.

Standard 4
Describe the impact of depreciation on the financial statements (e.g., book value, operating expenses).

Standard 5
Describe how to calculate gain/loss on the sale and/or disposal of assets.

Performance Skills

1. Calculate depreciation of assets using straight-line, declining balance, and sum-of-the-years' digits methods
   
2. Analyze adjusting entry for depreciation
   
3. Analyze business transactions for disposal of assets; including gains and losses
   

Strand 7
Define how GAAP relates to long-term liabilities and equity transactions.

Standard 1
Compare and contrast debt and equity financing.

Standard 2
Identify and describe the different classes of stock and explain the rights afforded each.

Standard 3
Explain cash dividends, stock dividends, and stock splits.

Standard 4
Explain how to journalize stock transactions (e.g., sale of stock, dividends distribution, and treasury stock).

Standard 5
Describe journal entries for recording a notes payable and the interest expense when paying off a notes payable.

Standard 6
Describe journal entries for bonds issued at face value, premium, and discount, and the expiration of those bonds.

Performance Skills
Analyze business transactions for bond issuance and redemption including face value, premium,and discount.

Strand 8
Analyze financial statements using ratios.

Standard 1
Define and calculate earnings per share (EPS).

Standard 2
Define the calculations for quick ratio and current ratio.

Standard 3
Define the calculation for debt to equity ratio.

Standard 4
Define the calculation for return on sales.

Standard 5
Define the calculation for return on equity.

Performance Skills

1. Analyze business transactions for sale of stock, dividend distributions, and treasury stock.
   
2. Calculate financial ratios:
   
   • earnings per share (EPS)
   • quick ratio and current ratio
   • debt-to-equity * return on sales * return on equity

Strand 9
Explore different accounting career options and how ethics and technology affect the accounting profession.

Standard 1
Explore examples of ethics in the accounting profession.

Standard 2
Identify and explore the use of automated accounting software, such as:

1. Spreadsheets
   
2. QuickBooks
   
3. Industry-standard accounting and tax software
   

Standard 3
Explore Internet sites and mobile apps for accounting purposes (e.g. AICPA, start here go places, IRS, Intuit, Accounting today, Journal of Accountancy, Securities and Exchange Commission, Xero, Sage)

Standard 4
Explore careers in the field of accounting (e.g., accountant, accounting clerk, CPA)

Standard 5
Explore industry certifications available to students (e.g., QuickBooks, MOS Excel). Encourage students to obtain certification.

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